Founder Julius Springer opened his Berlin bookstore in 1842. In 1920, Springer acquired the journal Mathematische Annalen, whose editors included Albert Einstein. While Springer gained an increasing international reputation, A. E. Kluwer founded his publishing house in 1889 in the Netherlands and gradually expanded his business, later to become Kluwer Academic Publishers. In April 2003, Kluwer Academic Publishers and then the BertelsmannSpringer Group were taken over by the British financial investors Cinven and Candover. Soon afterwards, in October 2003, the company was renamed Springer.
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